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Arteries are made up of a number of layers, all which help move oxygen rich blood to the major organs and tissues around the body. Damage can occur to these layers over time due to genetics and a number of lifestyle factors. This allows fatty deposits, cholesterol and calcium to build up in the wall of the arteries.
Over time, plaque can grow and narrow the arteries to the brain. The more severe this gets, debris can break away from the damaged area or the channel can block completely leading to a mini stroke or stroke.